Integrated circuits: Integrated circuits are a small electronic device that is made of semiconductor materials. They have a very funny history, because at almost the exact same time, two inventors made two similar integrated circuits, without knowing about one another’s work. So, great minds did think alike in this case, but the inventor that took the Nobel Prize in 2000 for his work was Jack S. Kilby. The other inventor, Robert Noyce became the co-founder of Intel, one of the largest producers of integrated circuits today.

Before this great invention, the scientists were using vacuum tubes in every attempt of building complex electrical circuits. Vacuum tubes were huge and they were generating a lot of heat that was very common to burn out. Imagine that the first digital computer ever build had a weight of 30 tones and 18000 vacuum tubes.

From the first prototype of integrated circuits developed until now, progresses have been made very quickly. The microchips that are being produced these days are containing millions of components on a very small area, comparable with a fingernail. The progress went so far that today there can be put thousands of transistors on an area equal with the cross section of a human hair. The expansion in this area is still going on and every year more improvements appear.

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Integrated circuits are being used for a variety of devices like microprocessors, audio and video equipment, even automobiles. As a categorize by the number of the electronic components that they contain, there are SSI (small scale integration), MSI (medium scale integration), LSI (large scale integration), VLSI (very large scale integration) and ULSI (ultra large scale integration).

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But the three most important classifications for the integrated circuits are digital integrated circuits, mixed signal integrated circuits and analog integrated circuits. The first is being used in making computer system, but also they can be found on cell phones, stereos or televisions and they include microprocessors, microcontrollers and logic circuits. Mixed signal integrated circuits can be found in cell phones, instrumentation, motor and industrial control applications. They can convert digital signals to analog signals, convert digital signals to waveforms so that digital instruments can play music. Analog integrated circuits are mostly used in power supplies, instruments and communications and they have the ability of amplifying, filtering and modifying the electrical signals. For examples, in cell phones, analog integrated circuits filter and amplify the incoming signal from the phone’s antenna.